Fig. 4
From: Organ-on-a-chip: recent breakthroughs and future prospects

(reprinted with permission from [85] Copyright © 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry)
3D heart-on-a-chip. a Two separate PDMS microchambers were employed. The CMs are positioned in the central channel to create a 3D construct, whilst the medium is replaced trough side-channels; b the lower end of the compartment is pressurized to deform the PDMS membrane and compress the 3D structure. Compression is converted to uniaxial strains applied to the 3D cell structure; c PDMS layers are aligned and irreversibly combined. Upper layers are present in the culture chamber and the drive chambers represent the lower layers; d 3D illustration; e real-life chip; f SEM of the chip cross section