Table 1 Demographic data of participants (n = 58)

Sex

 Male

15 (68.2)

25 (69.4)

40 (69.0)

 Female

7 (31.8)

11 (30.6)

18 (31.0)

Age (years)

 Median (p25, p75)

48.5 (30, 63)

52.5 (33.5, 61)

50.5 (33, 61)

 Range (years)

18–75

18–76

18–76

Completeness of lesion

 Complete (AIS A)

3 (13.6)

11 (30.6)

14 (24.1)

 Incomplete (AIS BCD)

19 (86.4)

25 (69.4)

44 (75.9)

Cause of SCI

 Traumatic

12 (54.5)

14 (38.9)

26 (44.8)

 Non-traumatic

  Degenerative

2 (9.1)

9 (25.0)

11 (19.0)

  Inflammatory

5 (22.7)

4 (11.1)

9 (15.5)

  Neoplastic

3 (13.6)

4 (11.1)

7 (12.1)

  Infection

0 (0.0)

4 (11.1)

4 (6.9)

  Other

0 (0.0)

1 (2.8)

1 (1.7)

Duration of SCI (years)

Median (p25, p75)

5 (3, 9)

5.5 (2, 9.5)

5 (2, 9)

Range (years)

0.3 – 20

0.7 – 28

0.3 – 28

Underlying diseases

 No underlying disease

17 (77.3)

31 (86.1)

48 (82.8)

 Hypertension

2 (9.1)

5 (13.9)

7 (12.1)

 Dyslipidemia

4 (18.2)

5 (13.9)

9 (15.5)

 Other

4 (18.2)

2 (5.6)

6 (10.3)

Medications

 Antihypertensive

5 (22.7)

7 (19.5)

12 (20.7)

 Calcium channel blockers

2 (9.1)

5 (13.9)

7 (12.1)

 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

1 (4.5)

1 (2.8)

2 (3.4)

 Alpha-blockers

3 (13.6)

6 (16.7)

9 (15.5)

 Angiotensin II receptor antagonists

0 (0.0)

1 (2.8)

1 (1.7)

 Anticholinergics

14 (63.6)

18 (50.0)

32 (55.2)

 Oxybutynin

13 (59.1)

14 (38.9)

27 (46.6)

 Trospium

4 (18.2)

6 (16.7)

10 (17.2)

 Medications for neuropathic pain

8 (36.4)

11 (30.6)

19 (32.8)

 Gabapentin

5 (22.7)

11 (30.6)

16 (27.6)

 Pregabalin

1 (4.5)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.7)

 Tricyclic antidepressants

2 (9.1)

1 (2.8)

3 (5.2)

 Carbamazepine

1 (4.5)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.7)

 Antispastic

11 (50.0)

11 (30.6)

22 (37.9)

 Baclofen

9 (40.9)

9 (25.0)

18 (31.0)

 Tizanidine

2 (9.1)

1 (2.8)

3 (5.2)

 Clonazepam

3 (13.6)

6 (16.7)

9 (15.5)

 Diazepam

1 (4.5)

1 (2.8)

2 (3.4)