Fig. 1

Representative example of how the filling factor (b), the sEMG signal (c), and the sEMG PDF (d) change as force was gradually increased (a) from the zero level in the vastus lateralis. b Filling factor values, calculated from short segments of the sEMG signal. c Three representative sEMG traces of 1-s duration recorded at different degrees of sEMG filling. d The PDF distributions corresponding to the selected sEMG signals