Table 1 Applying metallic NPs in peri-implant diseases, such as peri-implantitis

ZnO nanorods

ZnO nanorods are used to coat titanium (Ti)-based implants to prevent PIDs. Facilitate osseointegration

The hybrid ZnO/Zn₃(PO₄)₂ coating can facilitate osseointegration even when pathogenic bacteria are present. The surface modification technique described herein imparts exceptional pro-osteogenic and antibacterial characteristics to Ti-based implants, thereby establishing substantial clinical promise in dentistry and orthopedics

[134]

AgNPs

Nanoparticles (NPs) are used to coat dental implants to prevent PIDs. Increased antibacterial properties

The antimicrobial efficacy of dental alloys containing AgNPs at concentrations of 10, 4, and 2 μmol/L was evaluated against Streptococcus aureus and S. aureus. Cytotoxic values were significantly elevated in all dental alloys comprising 0% AgNPs, which served as the control groups. When AgNPs were incorporated, cytotoxicity values were diminished

[109]

CA@Ag/SF

CA@Ag/SF is used to coat Ti-based implants to prevent PIDs. Facilitate osseointegration

CA@Ag/SF-coated Ti implants dramatically increased bone regeneration and caused fast, but secure, osseointegration upon in vivo implantation in rat femoral-condyle lesions, suggesting tremendous clinical application potential

[167]

Dopamine–silver (DA/Ag)

PDA–AgNPs nanocomposite coating promoted optimal soft tissue healing and bone formation around the implants

By the results of the hypodermic implantation, osteogenesis, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial tests, the homogeneous PDA–AgNPs nanocomposite coating promoted optimal soft tissue healing and bone formation around the implants, striking a balance between cytocompatibility and antibacterial activity

[111]

Ag-PVP nanocomposites

NPs are used to coat dental implants to prevent PIDs. Increased antibacterial properties

The implants were coated with Ag-PVP nanocomposites at varying concentrations using the deep coating method. The results obtained indicate the presence of an enormous zone of inhibition when Ag-PVP coating is present. Five days later, when the antibacterial test was repeated, it was determined that the zone of inhibition of the implants was permanent

[112]

Ti-AuNPs

Ti-AuNPs are used to coat Ti-based implants to prevent PIDs. Facilitate osseointegration

The in vitro findings demonstrated that applying Ti–AuNPs to ADSCs significantly promotes osteogenic differentiation by upregulating the mRNA expression of genes specific to osteogenic differentiation. Ti–AuNPs can function as osseointegration-inducing dental implants to encourage the formation of an osseous interface and sustain nascent bone formation via these in vitro and in vivo experiments

[117]

AuNPs

AuNPs have the potential to function as a potent bone inductive agent in the context of dental implant therapy in PIDs

Assess the osteoinductive capability of AuNPs mediated by SC in preparation for their use in implant dentistry. It can be deduced that stable, environmentally friendly, and biocompatible AuNPs have the potential to function as a potent bone inductive agent in the context of dental implant therapy

[118]

AuNP-antagomiR204

AuNP-antagomiR204 as coating of Ti-based implants to prevent PIDs. Facilitate osseointegration

Deficient osseointegation in diabetes mellitus was determined to be the result of miR204 misexpression; PLGA sheets facilitated the release of AuNP-antagomiR204, which represents a potentially practical approach for functionalizing the surface of Ti implants to enhance osseointegration

[119]

AgNPs

As an antibacterial agent for the treatment of PI

AgNPs inhibit the development of biofilms by oral bacterial flora, including mixed-species S. aureus. Triple-irradiated NPs exhibited the most pronounced antimicrobial properties. By modifying dental implants in this manner, PI could be prevented

[141]

AgNP-modified Ti surface

NPs as coating of dental implant for treatment PI. It increased antibacterial properties

The findings showed that by adjusting the expression levels of genes linked to biofilm formation (fnbA and fnbB for S. epidermidis, and icaA and icaR for S. aureus), an AgNP-modified Ti surface may suppress bacterial adhesion and biofilm development

[142]

Ag–ZnO NPs

Ag–ZnO NPs as coating of dental implant for treatment PI. It increased antibacterial properties

A decrease in wettability and an increase in surface irregularity were the outcomes of this coating. Significantly diminished bacterial biofilm formation was observed in abutments that were altered. This promotes enhanced adaptation of the soft tissue and the development of a robust soft tissue seal surrounding subsequent superstructures implanted in implants

[143]

TNT-AL-AgNPs

TNT-AL-AgNPs as coating of Ti-based implant for treatment PI. Facilitate osseointegration and increase antibacterial functions

The TNT-AL-AgNPs implant was biocompatible with osteoblasts and had osteoinductive characteristics. In vitro, this release demonstrated antibacterial solid qualities. Antimicrobial-releasing implants that release TNT-AL-AgNPs in response to low pH might be used as a model for PI management using this innovative design of low pH-triggered AgNPs

[144]

Ti surfaces coated with AgNP

As a therapeutic and anti-inflammatory agent in PI

The incorporation of antibacterial properties onto the implant surface and the mitigation of PI inflammatory processes may be accomplished through the formation of an AgNP layer

[145]

AgNPs

Increased antibacterial properties in PI

The anti-biofilm activity of all concentrations of AgNPS that were tested was most pronounced when applied to MDR P. aeruginosa. The present research outcomes underscore the significance of AgNPS in impeding the growth of P. aeruginosa and expose a possible utilization of AgNPS to eliminate P. aeruginosa biofilms

[146]

AuNPs-TNTs

NPs as coating of dental implant for treatment PI. It increased antibacterial properties

For the potential application of an AuNP-decorated TNT substrate in enhancing the antibacterial properties of dental implant surfaces (PI), researchers have concluded their research. Combining ultrasound with TiO₂-doped metal ions, the study proposes a method for developing a nanoplatform with effective anti-bacterial properties

[148]

Au-TNT

This NP plays a role in bone regeneration around the dental implant and is an anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agent in treating PI

Au-TNT, on the other hand, had outstanding antibacterial activity in vivo, showing a 3-log CFU reduction in comparison to the control group. Research also demonstrated that Au-TNT encouraged bone regeneration and decreased inflammatory factor levels. Offers a sonodynamic-catalytic nano platform for effective removal of biofilm and treatment of PI infections

[149]

Ti NPs

NPs as coating of dental implant for treatment PI. It increased antibacterial properties

The results indicate that Ti particles may stimulate the production of high levels of ROS by recruiting an abnormal number of neutrophils capable of producing high levels of metalloproteinase

[156]

Magnetic NPs

Increased antibacterial properties

That local administration of vancomycin into the femoral canal, in conjunction with hyperthermia induced by magnetic NPs, improved bacterial eradication in a biofilm-based colony. This involves utilizing magnetic NP-induced hyperthermia to disrupt the protective effect of bacterial biofilms and to optimize the therapeutic effect of systemic antibiotics on the PI region

[168]

nZnO/MTC-Ti

nZnO/MTC-Ti as coating of Ti-based implants to treatment PI. Facilitate osseointegration and increase antibacterial properties

It was discovered that the nZnO/MTC-Ti implants exhibited superior in vivo capabilities for promoting bone regeneration, antibiosis, and osseointegration. The remarkable efficacy of nZnO/MTC-Ti implants in promoting osseointegration and preventing bacterial infection was suggested by these results, indicating a tremendous opportunity for addressing immediate/early loading hazards and PI of dental implants

[159]

ZnO-NPs

Increase antibacterial properties in PI

Biogenic ZnO-NPs demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect against organisms that induce peri-implantitis (PI), namely E. coli and S. aureus. Biogenic ZnO-NPs exhibit a significant inhibitory capacity against bacteria that induce PI

[160]

Nano-CeO₂

Nano-CeO₂ as coating of Ti-based implants to treatment PI

The potential of CeO₂-modified Ti surfaces to augment the antimicrobial capabilities of dental implants is exceptionally bright. An innovative nano-octahedron CeO₂ coating applied to Ti exhibited significant therapeutic promise in mitigating and eradicating PI

[162]