Table 1 Clinical baseline characteristic of patients in the training cohort, validation cohort, and test cohort
Characteristic | Training cohort, (n = 214) | Validation cohort, (n = 61) | Test cohort, (n = 30) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, no (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.993 |
 Female | 114 (53.27) | 29 (47.54) | 14 (46.67) |  |
 Male | 100 (46.73) | 32 (52.46) | 16 (53.33) |  |
Age (years) | Â | Â | Â | 0.004* |
 Mean (range) | 64.39 ± 9.11 | 60.00 ± 9.98 | 64.90 ± 8.13 |  |
Follow-up | Â | Â | Â | 0.816 |
 Mean (range) | 9.82 ± 3.19 | 9.87 ± 3.00 | 9.17 ± 2.20 |  |
BMI | Â | Â | Â | 0.687 |
 Mean (range) | 26.65 ± 3.86 | 26.46 ± 4.00 | 27.21 ± 4.27 |  |
Diagnosis, No (%) |  |  |  |  < 0.001* |
 Lumbar spinal stenosis | 113 (52.80) | 15 (24.59) | 9 (30.00) |  |
 Spondylolisthesis | 58 (27.10) | 16 (26.23) | 11 (36.67) |  |
 Lumbar disc herniation | 43 (20.09) | 30 (49.18) | 10 (33.33) |  |
Segment | Â | Â | Â | 0.035* |
 1 | 131 (61.21) | 46 (75.41) | 24 (80.00) |  |
 2 | 69 (32.24) | 15 (24.59) | 6 (20.00) |  |
 3 | 14 (6.54) |  |  |  |
Osteoporosis, no (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.363 |
 Yes | 108 (50.47) | 36 (59.02) | 12 (40.00) |  |
 No | 106 (49.53) | 25 (40.98) | 18 (60.00) |  |