Table 2 Comparative analysis of isolation methods for primary osteoblasts in dental research [9, 13, 19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]
Source | Isolation method | Yield (cells/g or mL) | Advantages | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Alveolar bone | Enzymatic digestion (collagenase, dispase) | 5,000—15,000 | High relevance to dental research | Low yield, invasive collection |
Calvarial bone | Sequential enzymatic digestion (collagenase II, trypsin) |  > 50,000 | High yield, fast isolation | Limited dental relevance |
Mandibular/maxillary bone | Explant culture or enzymatic digestion | 10,000—20,000 | High relevance, better mimicry of alveolar bone | Time-consuming explant method, invasive collection |
Long bones (femur/tibia) | Bone marrow flushing and enzymatic digestion | 30,000—50,000 | High yield, abundant cells for animal models | Different biomechanical properties |
BMSCs | Density gradient centrifugation, osteogenic differentiation | 1—5 million MSCs per mL aspirate | Renewable source, regenerative potential | Requires controlled differentiation, variable results |