Table 1 Representative antioxidant scaffolds for bone regeneration
From: Antioxidant scaffolds for enhanced bone regeneration: recent advances and challenges
Bone scaffold | Antioxidants | Outcome | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|
Salicin-laden PCL | Salicin | The scaffold exhibited potent free radical scavenging activity, promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and accelerated rats' femoral defect repair | [78] |
Titanium rods with procyanidin/mucin coating | Procyanidin | The surface coating of the implant effectively alleviated the oxidative stress induced by H2O2 in BMSCs and promoted the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by activating Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway, which ultimately accelerated in vivo osteogenesis | [79] |
OD-MHA/Mg | OD | OD-MHA slowed down the degradation of Mg scaffolds and avoided oxidative stress and MC3T3-E1 cells apoptosis induced by large amounts of magnesium ions. In addition, OD-MHA/Mg effectively exerted antibacterial, pro-angiogenic and reduced osteogenic differentiation effects, accelerating the repair of femoral defects | [80] |
Astaxanthin–collagen aerogels | Astaxanthin | Aerogels alleviated oxidative stress in BMSCs by activating the NRF2/HO-1 signaling pathway and promoted bone regeneration in rats | [81] |
Silibinin-modified hydroxyapatite-coated titanium rods | Silibinin | Silibinin-modified hydroxyapatite-coating activated the SIRT1/SOD2 signaling pathway to alleviate high glucose-induced oxidative stress in MC3T3-E1 cells, promoted the osteogenic differentiation function of MC3T3-E1 cells under high glucose treatment, and accelerated the osseointegration of titanium rods in diabetic rats | [82] |
Metal–polyphenolic network-coated scaffolds(PCL, PLA or PEEK) | Catechol | Metal–polyphenolic networks effectively alleviated H2O2-induced oxidative stress in MC3T3-E1 cells, promoted calcium nodule formation, and accelerated the repair of cranial defects in rats | [83] |
Gelatin–alginate-nCeO2 hydrogel | CeO2 | Hydrogel scaffolds with SOD and CAT-like activities promoted MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, and facilitated femoral defect repair in rats | [18] |
TPG@ChSMA | TPG | The TPG released from the hydrogel scaffold activated the SIRT1/PI3K/AKT pathway to mediate the clearance of ROS, alleviating the senescence of BMSCs, and promoted the repair of bone defects in aged osteoporotic rats | [84] |
MON(CuMn)-Q-J hydrogel | MON(CuMn)-Q | MON(CuMn)-Q possessed sonodynamic antibacterial effects and mediated antioxidant actions through SOD and CAT-like activities as well as quercetin–metal chelation, effectively exerting anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, and bone repair functions | [85] |