Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics (N = 16)

Years of age (mean ± SD, range)

38.3 ± 12.5, 21–61

Sex (male/female)

3/13

Race (White/Hispanic/Arab/Indian/Asian)

9/1/2/2/2

Number of prior concussions (mean ± SD, range)

2.1 ± 3, 0–11

Duration of symptoms, months (mean ± SD, range)

4.3 ± 1.9, 1–8

Mechanism of injury (MVA/sport/workplace/fall/other)

3/6/2/4/1

Baseline RPQ-3 score {out of 12} (mean ± SD, [95% CI])

7.1 ± 2.1, [6.1–8.2]

Baseline RPQ-13 score {out of 52} (mean ± SD, [95% CI])

27.4 ± 9.3, [22.8–31.9]

Baseline RPQ total symptom count {out of 16} (mean ± SD, [95% CI])

11.8 ± 3.6, [10.2–13.4]

Baseline PHQ-9 score {out of 27} (mean ± SD, [95% CI])

13.1 ± 5.5, [10.3–15.7]

Baseline NDI score {out of 50} (mean ± SD, [95% CI])

19.1 ± 5.8, [16.2–21.9]

Baseline BCTT result (percentage failed; mean heart rate BPM ± SD [95% CI]; heart rate range)

81%; 148.2 ± 23.8 [137.8–158.6]; 118–187